“The pressures of expanding population and technology on Florida continue to degrade its human and natural resources despite the combined counter-efforts of all existing institutions. Government, more often than not, either fosters or adds to the degradation. Educational institutions seem unable to unwilling to apply their store of knowledge effectively to the problems. Efforts of the business community are often exploitative, non-existent, or are superficial palliatives… It is evident that Florida is on a course which ultimately will insure its joining the parade of states already sunk in environmental quagmires… Philosophically we suffer a paradoxical ailment which allows us to look back two hundred years in pride, but not five years ahead in preparation or anticipation.”
-Arthur R. Marshall, 1972,
from ¨A Proposal to Establish the Florida Environmental Institute¨

my story

It’s hard for me to tell, and it will be harder for others to hear, but it must be told.
I have been walking two paths, tearing myself and everything that i know apart, in order to understand how i can fight with integrity and effectiveness against the industrial juggernaut. This culture presents itself as an unstoppable force, willing and able to crush anything in its path—not least of all our very spirits and collective wills to fight. One path has taken me through deep bogs of drudgery, surrounded in piles of paper from government agencies, staring at a glowing screen, countless hours with a phone pressed against me head, turning my ear red. This year—trying to understand how Florida Power & Light (FPL) gets a power plant built, and how it can be stopped.
The other path has taken me, blissfully, into the wild, down dirt roads along canals that close the wild into contained compartments, into tea-black ponds where gators sat and watched me as i fantasized about jumping on top of bulldozers surrounded by friends, with tears and fire in our eyes, convincing drivers to turn their destructive machines around and put them to a better use.

But there is a world between these two paths that i stretch between. That world manifests as ´the meeting´. Not the meeting where i sit with my collective in a circle listening to each other, taking notes, eating cookies, making plans. The meeting i am writing of has manifested as a modern battleground for the earth facilitated, usually, by politicians, other times by businesses, and on occasion, by people who call themselves environmentalists. The terrain is treacherous and the attacks can be like a drawn out chess games; one where the side i play is missing most of its pieces. I have found myself running frantically between my paths, across the battlefield, for the past several years. And i’ve come to a conclusion that the painful tales of corruption are a crucial part of stopping FPL’s West County Energy Center, restore the Everglades, and usher industrial civilization into the dustbin of history, before the ocean swallows us whole down here.

Art’s legacy dishonored

Ecologists Arthur Marshall’s proposed Institute, mentioned in his quote above, did get off the ground, and he went on to contribute some of the best components of the Everglades restoration plans, among other amazing environmental work across Florida, before passing away. His legacy went on to get a 147,392 acre National Wildlife Refuge named after him, the Loxahatchee, which is currently home to around 30 threatened and endangered species of plants and animals. But it’s a lot easier to slap a person’s name on something than it is to honor their vision of holistic ecosystem repair. If Art could see state of Everglades Restoration now… well, truthfully, he probably wouldn’t be too shocked at the bureaucracy, corruption and greed driving the process into the mud. He might be pretty disappointed by the sprawl closing in on the east side of Refuge; and the proposed chemical plant and new landfill directly adjacent would surely be a tad frustrating. And the massive 3800 megawatt gas-fired plant under construction, despite lacking essential permits, 1000 feet to the north of his name-sake Refuge; power for near a million new homes and businesses set to spill across the EAA—that must be really damn annoying.

But none of that business-as-usual could have prepared him for the news that his nephew John, who supposedly took on the task of carrying Art’s mission forward, selling out to FPL for a measly $25,000. John A. Marshall, proud Marine and head of the locally renowned, prestigious Marshall Foundation, often informs people that his uncle thought that, “polluters should pay.” Taking money from industry for environmental work is one thing; sending your employees to undermine other activists is probably not what Art had in mind. After a year of disparaging comments about new FPL plants not being a high priority for them, the local grassroots community had gotten the hint that their silence was bought and paid for.But apparently FPL isn’t forking out hundreds-of-thousands every year just to buy silence anymore.

On November 29 of this year, Marshall Foundation Executive Director Josette Kaufman joined the Chamber of Commerce choir at the Palm Beach County Commission meeting in singing of FPL’s glorious contributions to the environment (meanwhile i was forcefully being thrown out for simply trying to address the Commission without permission). The Commission voted unanimously in favor of increasing the West County Energy Center (WCEC) by another 500 megawatts (MW), which started as a 300 MW proposal 5 years ago, now up to 3800 MW, making it the third largest fossil fuel plant in the U.S. I wondered if Josette had ever actually read anything that Art Marshall wrote. She certainly didn’t read the part where he said “An effective institute would: (1) Need to be financially independent of any department or agency of government and of industry and special interest-groups. (2) Need to build confidence in its integrity among clients and supporters as well as among the public.”

A second study involves the Audubon Society of Florida. In the lead up to the WCEC’s certification, FL Audubon collected $100,000 in ‘donations’ from FPL, Enrique Tomeau (co-owner of the Palm Beach Aggregates rock mine, where the power plant sits) and Henry Dean (former head of South Florida Water Management District, who participated in Aggregates dealings); a pretty penny for which they attempted a pretty ambitious backstabbing against grassroots opponents of FPL. At a December 2006 Florida Cabinet meeting, in front of then-Governor Jeb Bush (whose final major act in office was certifying this plant—two months earlier than originally planned), FL Audubon Policy Director Eric Draper tried to discredit a resolution that local activists had gotten passed through the well-respected Everglades Coalition. In an astounding display of disregard for Everglades Coalition process, he actually asked that it be stricken from the record at his sole request. He had not even consulted any Audubon scientists or members on the matter. To boot, Draper went on, later that meeting, to present an award to Jeb Bush for his excellent stewardship towards the environment!

By the following summer, four local politicians and a well-known lobbyist would be in prison for the crime of ‘Honest Service Fraud’. Two out of the four politicians who are still currently in prison for the recent corruption charges, County Commissioners Tony Masilotti and Warren Newell, are serving time specifically for their dealings with the Palm Beach Aggregates’ Enrique Tomeau. If Eric Draper, personal friend of Tomeau, who frequently facilitates acts of corporate generosity on behalf of his own salary, was an elected official he could likely be in there with Newell and Masilotti today.

A tale of the two towers

Several other environmental groups in Florida that didn’t take money directly from FPL for assistance with the WCEC took it instead from the Joyce Foundation during a farcical battle against FPL’s proposed Coal plant in Glades County. The Joyce Foundation, as many now know, spread millions of dollars across the country pretending to fight coal plants while essentially attempting to gain positive public relations for the same industry’s Coal Gasification (IGCC) technology. Although the crooked nature of the funding was also known at the time, many groups including the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), Southern Alliance for Clean Energy, EarthJustice, Environment Florida and the Everglades Law Center (whom are all well-funded as is) couldn’t keep their hands out of the cookie jar. And when the eco-lobbyists and lawyers couldn’t sway local activists in Glades and Hendry Counties to tow the IGCC line, they disregarded them.

For many grassroots activists outside the well-paid non-profit world, the only option seemed to also join and fight the coal proposal, which was ultimately denied by the Public Service Commission. In hindsight, the whole victory felt like a well-orchestrated, well-financed scandal which succeeded in creating a red herring to divert attention from other FPL projects, such as the abovementioned gas-fired plant and multiple new nuclear proposals that are now underway.

who feels it knows it
Grassroots activists and local residents of the Palm Beach County Environmental Coalition (PBCEC) were already fighting the WCEC, before the coal plant was proposed. While WCEC had less pollution than coal, it was a larger plant in a more precarious location (for some further background on these two FPL plants, see EF!J May-June 2007), plus it was in our backyard. Our Coalition of grassroots activists and local residents broadly solicited support for our efforts and received very little response from the well-established organizations across the State. We continued to fight—often in the shadow of FPL’s Glades Coal proposal—declaring opposition to both projects. In this time, we found that other groups, such as the Florida Wildlife Federation and Sierra Club, were supportive, but expressed feeling hesitation on the issue after having compromised for natural gas over other fossil fuels in the previous decade of energy policy work.

As a PBCEC participant and group co-chair i have often reflected on the December ’06 meeting in Tallahassee (where Audubon of Florida exposed their allegiance to FPL), recalling a conversation with Colleen Castille, former Secretary of Florida’s Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) under Governor Bush. She approached me suggesting that we drop our opposition to the gas-fired plant in Palm Beach and instead join them in stopping the Glades coal plant. At the time i remember thinking it was strange. Why would we have wanted to drop our local fight and focus on a plant over 2 hours away? But looking back over the past year, the whole thing feels surreal…

Were other environmental organizations conspiring with FPL and DEP to manufacture the Glades County victory? Were they inviting me to join in?! My brain still often rejects the idea as a conspiracy theory, but my gut-instincts scream up to me: ¨You idiot! That’s how it works. That’s how the developers have gotten this far—welcome to the environmental-industrial complex.¨

Once the Coal plant was ‘defeated’ PBCEC solicited another call for support against the WCEC, again with little-to-no response from the moneyed groups (except for the local Loxahatchee SierraClub, who has since gotten more involved). Where did all the money from the Coal fight go? Did it go towards paying six-figure salaries to environmental professionals, while grassroots groups scramble for crumbs to fight this behemoth? It’s hard not to feel that way. One prominent attorney even responded to me that their firm avoided FPL because they only gets involved in large, precedent setting cases of regional impact, and then went on to litigate against a golf course.

PBCEC vs. WCEC

Today the fight against the WCEC continues to gain momentum and grassroots support, with over 1000 signed petitions, dozens of protests, actions and news stories, two administrative legal challenges—one regarding the deep-well injection system, the other a permit for the Gulfstream gas pipeline—and a third challenge in federal court alleging violations of the EPA’s Clean Air and Clean Water Acts, specifically noting a lack of oversight on massive CO2 emissions. The Gulfstream Pipeline company (affiliated with the Bush dynasty’s Carlyle Group), recently offered the PBCEC $200,000 to drop our challenge and leave their pipeline alone. Gulfstream even suggested that the money could be used to challenge the power plant, claiming that their pipeline is going in independent of FPL’s plans (even though the WCEC is their sole customer at the moment.)

Gulfstream has already paid off multiple environmental groups for the prior 700 miles of pipeline crossing the Gulf of Mexico, from Texas to Martin County (where FPL has the 3700 MW Barley Barber facility, the current third largest fossil-fuel plant in the country, which snuck in a few years ago without a fight, and i have an idea how).
The PBCEC has thus far declined the Gulfstream offer. But, being a named plaintiff on the challenge, and part of the decision-making to decline the offer, i have to say it was a feeling of pressure that i had never experienced before. We did discuss the possibility of a maneuver to accept the money and use it to fight the WCEC on other grounds, or to fund future efforts (i even found myself thinking “damn, maybe i could use this to pay-off last two month rent that i still owe”). And I can see why some well-intentioned folks take these sort of offers, and i can imagine becoming dependent on that money and the fear in risking it being pulled away from you. The temptation is real, and we need understand why groups fall for it, because their weakness impacts us all.

As far as I can tell, our little rag-tag Coalition will not be joining that list. And Everglades Earth First! is standing firm with the PBCEC to stop the WCEC and Gulfstream Pipeline’s 34 mile Phase III project.

No amount of money can buy us out of the ecological nightmare we have created. We will have to fight our way through with honesty, integrity, determination and a raging fierce green fire in our eyes.

no hard feelings
While some of the individuals and organizations named above may have cringed all the way through this article, it’s appreciate that they made it through, and hoped that they can see value in our uncompromising environmental position. Telling this story was a way of calmly facing a growing anger and coming to terms with it in a productive way (basically, before starting to stab back). Lawsuits, protests and direct action may not have been the “Art Marshall way” during his lifetime (he preferred sticking with research and negotiation), but he was certainly not adverse to confrontation. Our actions to defend the Everglades and to expose both political and environmental corruption are efforts to honor his vision and restore his tarnished legacy.

“One of the concern of Florida and south Floridians with such enlarging cities of energy and growth we must accomplish a vital feat in record time... The task is no placid one. Philosophically it involves recognition of the wrenching fact that many of the deep troubles of today result from the successes of yesterday—the momentum which established a great region can as well destroy it. If we elect to stay reasonably within the bounds of our life support system...we shall have to discard as a working philosophy our habitual drive to provide endlessly for the needs of ´projected growth.´ The essential question now is whether we shall have the wisdom and courage to do it, or shall simply pass the issue to a subsequent generation.” Arthur R. Marshall, Director, Division of Applied Ecology, 1973, “Energy and Growth”

Gas? Natural?
Gas-fired power plants are no more ‘natural’ than coal, oil or nukes. Greenhouse emissions from burning gas are generally around half of what coal puts out. That is still huge, especially considering the increasing scale of gas usage, for example: the Glades County Coal plant was estimated at 14-16 million tons of CO2, where as the larger Palm Beach County Gas plant is estimated at 10-12 million tons. The energy industry has promoted gas so heavily as the only viable ‘clean, green’ alternative, that the crisis connected to what economists call the ‘dash for gas’ is far exceeding the paralleled peak oil crisis. The gas industry has drilled over 50,000 new gas wells in less than a decade, with no stabilization in price. This reality is the driving force behind all Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) proposals bombarding both U.S. coasts.

And the extraction process ain’t too pretty either folks. Gas extraction has fragmented wildlife habitat, poisoned communities, destroyed croplands and degraded streams throughout Western U.S. Over 88 percent of federal natural gas resources on public lands in the Rocky Mountain States are available for leasing to energy companies.
For more info, check out the Oil and Gas Accountability Project: or EEF's River of Gas site